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Updated: Dec 26 2021

Pleomorphic Adenoma

Images
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/120408/images/parotid_pleomorphic_adenoma_300sq.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/120408/images/snap.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/120408/images/histo.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/120408/images/ultrasound.jpg
  • Snapshot
    • A 58-year-old woman presents to the physician with complaint of a painless lump on the left side of her face. She describes that she first noticed the lump more than 5 years ago, when it was small in size. However, it has progressively grown with time to the present size. Her husband notes that the patient's speech has changed slightly in the past year. Physical exam is notable for facial asymmetry and a firm, nontender mass on the left side of the face below the lower border of the mandible, as seen in the image. There was no palpable lymphadenopathy in her neck.
  • Introduction
    • Overview
      • pleomorphic adenomas are benign salivary gland tumors
        • predominantly affect the superficial lobe of the parotid gland
  • Epidemiology
    • Incidence
      • most common tumor affecting the salivary glands, accounting for 70% of parotid tumors and 50% of salivary tumors
    • Demographics
      • most commonly affects women between 30-50 years of age
    • Risk factors
      • radiation exposure
  • ETIOLOGY
    • Pathophysiology
      • tumor has both epithelial and connective tissue origin
      • may undergo malignant transformation
      • tumor lacks a true capsule and may have microscopic extensions
        • results in a high risk of recurrence in cases treated with surgical resections performed with inadequate surgical margins
  • Presentation
    • Symptoms
      • solitary, mobile slow-growing painless mass
        • may be present for many years
      • dysphagia
      • hoarseness
      • difficulty chewing
      • facial weakness if facial nerve is affected
    • Physical exam
      • solitary, mobile, nontender mass
      • facial asymmetry or droop may be present
  • Imaging
    • CT or MRI
      • findings
        • smoothly marginated or lobulated soft tissue globular mass
        • necrosis may be seen in larger masses
        • few foci of calcification may be seen
    • Ultrasound
      • findings
        • hypoechoic mass
      • can allow for ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration or biopsy
  • Studies
    • Tissue sampling
      • fine needle aspiration
        • determine whether tumor is malignant or benign
      • core needle biopsy
        • allows for histological typing of the tumor
  • Differential
    • Other tumors of the salivary and parotid glands (i.e., Warthin tumor, metastasis to the parotid gland, facial nerve schwannoma, mucoepidermoid, and adenoid cystic carcinoma)
      • key distinguishing factor
        • histopathology will be unique to the tumor
  • Treatment
    • Surgical
      • superficial or total parotidectomy
        • indication
          • pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland
      • tumor excision with preservation of adjacent nerve
        • indication
          • pleomorphic adenoma of the submandibular and minor salivary glands
  • Complications
    • Recurrence of tumor after surgical resection
      • associated factors
        • incomplete capsule
        • extension of tumor nodules beyond the capsule
        • tumor rupture during surgical resection
    • Malignant transformation
      • incidence
        • 2-7% of cases
      • associated factors
        • multiple tumor recurrences
        • deep lobe tumors
        • male gender
        • increased age
  • Prognosis
    • Excellent after surgical resection with adequate surgical margins
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