Snapshot A 54-year-old man presents to her primary care physician for a worsening productive cough. His cough began approximately 2 months ago, and over the past week, he has been producing more yellow sputum. Medical history is significant for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. He drinks occasionally and smokes 1-pack per day for the past 35 years. The patient is started on broad-spectrum antibiotics and receives 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) due to his current cigarette use and chronic lung disease. Introduction Definition an effective preventative health measure of disease Terminology live-attenuated vaccine microorganism pathogenicity is lost but can still induce a cellular and humoral response killed or inactivated vaccine pathogen is inactivated but the epitope structure is maintained, inducing a humoral response subunit vaccine contains only that antigen that stimulates the immune system best toxoid vaccine bacterial toxoid with an intact receptor binding site Vaccinations in Children (0-6 Years of Age) Vaccinations in Children Vaccine Age Comments Hepatitis B First dose within the first 24 hours of life Second dose at 1-2 months of age Third dose at 6-18 months of age Subunit vaccine In HBsAg-positive mothers, the infant should receive the hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin Rotavirus First dose at 2 months Second dose at 4 months Third dose at 6 months Live-attenuated vaccine Can increase risk for intussusception Diphtheria, tetanus, and/or pertussis First dose at 2 months Second dose at 4 months Third dose at 6 months Fourth dose at 15-18 months Fifth dose at 4-6 years of age Booster doses are given starting at 11 years of age Inactivated vaccine H. influenzae type b conjugate First dose at 2 months Second dose at 4 months Third dose at 12-15 months Inactivated vaccine Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV 13) First dose at 2 months Second dose at 4 months Third dose at 6 months Fourth dose at 12-15 months Inactivated vaccine Poliovirus First dose at 2 months Second dose at 4 months Third dose at 6-18 months Fourth dose at 4-6 years Inactivated vaccine Influenza Annually ≥ 6 months of age Intramuscular vaccine is an inactivated vaccine Intranasal vaccine is a live-attenuated vaccine Measles, mumps, and rubella First dose at 12-15 months Second dose at 4-6 years of age Live-attenuated vaccine Varicella First dose at 12-15 months Second dose at 4-6 years of age Live-attenuated vaccine Hepatitis A First dose at 12-24 months Second dose given at least 6 months after the first dose Inactivated vaccine Vaccinations in Adolescents (7-18 Years of Age) Vaccinations In Adolescents Vaccine Age Comments Tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap) 11-12 years of age Inactivated vaccine Human papillomavirus Two doses at 9-14 years of age in patients between the ages of 9-14, the 2 dose are administered 6-12 months after the first dose Three doses at ≥ 15 years of age given at 0, 1-2, and 6 months Subunit vaccine Three doses of this vaccine are also recommended in immunocompromised adolescent patients Meningococcal First dose at 11-12 years of age Second dose at 16 years of age Inactivated vaccine Influenza First dose given at 7-10 years of age and then annually Intramuscular vaccine is an inactivated vaccine Intranasal vaccine is a live-attenuated vaccine Vaccinations in Adults (> 18 Years of Age) Vaccinations in Adults Vaccine Age Comments Influenza One dose annually Inactivated vaccine In HBsAg-positive mothers, the infant should receive the hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin Tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap) or tetanus and diphtheria (Td) One dose Tdap and then a Td booster every 10 years In pregnant women, 1 dose of Tdap should be given during each pregnancy between 27-36 weeks gestation Varicella Two doses 4-8 weeks apart if the patient is without immunity to varicella Zoster Two doses given 2-6 months apart at ≥ 50 years of age Pneumococcal (PPSV23) Given at least 1 year after PCV13 administration in adults ≥ 65 years of age PPSV23 is indicated in - patients 19-64 years of age with the following chronic heart disease (excluding hypertension) chronic liver disease chronic lung disease diabetes mellitus cigarette smoking - patients ≥ 19 with immunodeficiency disorders HIV anatomical or functional asplenia chronic renal failure or nephrotic syndrome cerebral spinal fluid leak cochlear implant PPSV23 is given after PCV13 PPSV23 is not conjugated and does not stimulate a helper T-cell response Special Circumstances Splenectomy patients should receive vaccines to protect against encapsulated organisms S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) H. influenzae N. meningitidis (meningococcus) vaccine regimen PCV13 followed by PPSV23 ≥8 weeks later H. influenzae type b vaccine meningococcus vaccine antibiotic prophylaxis most children with anatomy or functional asplenia/hyposplenism antibiotic prophylaxis (with penicillin V or amoxicillin) until the age of 5 for at least 1-year post splenectomy HIV inactivated vaccines are generally safe in this patient population live-attenuated vaccines can be given in this patient population when their CD4+ T-cell count is ≥ 200 cells/μL Patients with an egg allergy can receive the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine cannot receive the yellow fever vaccine Pregnancy live vaccines are generally avoided in pregnancy vaccines to be avoided human papillomavirus measles, mumps, and rubella varicella give post-exposure prophylaxis via varicella immune globulin (VZIG) within 10 days of exposure to varicella to confer passive immunity zoster Prematurity no need to delay vaccination schedule based on prematurity one exception, first dose of hepatitis B vaccine (typically given in the first 24-48 hours of life) can be delayed only if the infant is born with a birth weight of under 4 pounds 6 ounces
QUESTIONS 1 of 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Previous Next Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M2.ID.15.24) A 34-year-old woman is assaulted and suffers a number of stab wounds to her abdomen. Bystanders call paramedics and she is subsequently taken to the nearest hospital. On arrival to the emergency department, her vitals are T: 36 deg C, HR: 110 bpm, BP: 100/60, RR: 12, SaO2: 99%. A FAST and abdominal CT are promptly obtained which are demonstrated in Figures A and B, respectively. Her chart demonstrates no other medical problems and vaccinations/boosters up to date. The patient is diagnosed with a Grade V splenic laceration and is immediately brought to the OR for emergent splenectomy. The splenectomy is successfully performed with removal of the damaged spleen (Figure C). Following the operation, the patient should receive which of the following vaccines: (I) H. influenzae (II) Tetanus (III) N. meningitidis (IV) S. pneumoniae (V) Hepatitis B QID: 105661 FIGURES: A B C Type & Select Correct Answer 1 I, II 0% (0/30) 2 I, III, IV 77% (23/30) 3 I, V 0% (0/30) 4 II only 0% (0/30) 5 III, IV 20% (6/30) M 5 Question Complexity D Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (M2.ID.15.93) A 68-year-old woman with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) presents to her hematologist for routine follow-up. She has been on chronic corticosteroids for her ITP, in addition to several treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and rituximab. Her labs today reveal a white blood cell count of 8, hematocrit of 35, and platelet count of 14. Given her refractory ITP with persistent thrombocytopenia, her hematologist recommends that she undergo splenectomy. What is the timeline for vaccination against encapsulated organisms and initiation of penicillin prophylaxis for this patient? QID: 104733 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Vaccinate: 2 weeks prior to surgery; Penicillin: 2 weeks prior to surgery for an indefinite course 9% (3/33) 2 Vaccinate: 2 weeks prior to surgery; Penicillin: at time of surgery for an indefinite course 33% (11/33) 3 Vaccinate: 2 weeks prior to surgery; Penicillin: at time of surgery for 5 years 39% (13/33) 4 Vaccinate: at the time of surgery; Penicillin: 2 weeks prior to surgery for an indefinite course 9% (3/33) 5 Vaccinate: at the time of surgery; Penicillin: at time of surgery for 5 years 6% (2/33) M 7 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M3.ID.12.1) A 1-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician for episodes of crying and being hunched over. He has also had decreased oral intake during this time. He is generally healthy and has no medical issues. His temperature is 97.0°F (36.1°C), blood pressure is 94/54 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. The child appears well and is playing; however, while in the office he has another spell of crying and being hunched over. An ultrasound is performed as seen in Figure A. Which of the following vaccines is associated with this patient's most likely diagnosis? QID: 102733 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Hepatitis B 0% (0/3) 2 Measles 33% (1/3) 3 Poliovirus 33% (1/3) 4 Rotavirus 33% (1/3) 5 Tdap 0% (0/3) M 6 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic
All Videos (0) Infectious Disease | Vaccines Infectious Dis. - Vaccines Listen Now 17:29 min 7/17/2021 85 plays 4.5 (2)