Snapshot An 88-year-old man presents to the emergency department from home after developing increasing shortness of breath, fatigue, poor appetite, and malaise. His symptoms began approximately 4 days ago, when he noticed he had a productive cough with green-yellow sputum. His temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 136/93 mmHg, pulse is 101/min, and respirations are 22/min. Physical exam is notable for crackles in the right lower lobe and dullness to percussion. Chest radiography demonstrates a lobar consolidation. Introduction Definition login to view 1 more bullet Epidemiology Incidence login to view 1 more bullet Risk factors login to view 6 more bullets Etiology Bacterial login to view 8 more bullets Viral login to view 5 more bullets Fungal login to view 1 more bullet Presentation Symptoms login to view 4 more bullets Physical exam login to view 9 more bullets Imaging Radiography of the chest login to view 4 more bullets Studies Sputum Gram stain and culture Blood cultures login to view 1 more bullet Other studies depend on clinical suspicion, such as login to view 6 more bullets Bronchoscopy is considered in login to view 4 more bullets Differential COPD exacerbation login to view 2 more bullets Treatment Prevention login to view 17 more bullets Medical login to view 13 more bullets Complications Respiratory failure Sepsis Septic shock Empyema login to view 1 more bullet Prognosis Improved mortality with administration of antibiotics