Snapshot A 16-year-old girl presents to her gastroenterologist with severe, crampy, abdominal pain and intermittent nonbloody diarrhea. She has also had unexpected weight loss over the past few months. She also reports having irritating sores in her mouth. On exam, she is noted to have aphthous sores on the bucca mucosal, and skin tags around the anus. A colonoscopy a week later shows cobblestone mucosa and non-contiguous involvement of the small intestine, suggesting a diagnosis of Crohn disease. Introduction Overview Crohn disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the mouth and the anus characterized by abdominal pain and nonbloody diarrhea classically associated with non-contiguous involvement, or “skip lesions”, along GI tract Epidemiology demographics onset 15-30 or 60-70s years of age risk factors family history Pathogenesis mechanism chronic Th1-mediated inflammation starts as focal inflammatory infiltrates around crypts, evolves into transmural inflammation and noncaseating granulomas Prognosis unpredictable course of relapses and remissions Presentation Symptoms GI symptoms results from transmural involvement abdominal pain bloody or nonbloody diarrhea abscess fistulas strictures malnutrition extraintestinal manifestations arthralgias kidney stones calcium oxalate ankylosing spondylitis systemic symptoms chronic intermittent fever weight loss fatigue Physical exam skin and mucosal findings pyoderma gangrenosum erythema nodosum aphthous stomatitis perianal region skin tags scarring ocular finding episcleritis uveitis Imaging Abdominal radiograph indications assess for bowel obstruction CT of abdomen indications evaluation for obstruction, fistulas, or abscesses Studies Serum labs serology used when endoscopic studies and barium studies are inconclusive anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody negative complete blood cell count elevated inflammatory markers Invasive studies colonoscopy or esophagogastroduodenoscopy indication diagnostic findings cobblestone mucosa transmural inflammation skip lesions bowel wall thickening ulcers fissures Histology noncaseating granulomas lymphoid aggregates Differential Ulcerative colitis key distinguishing factors bloody diarrhea disease affecting colon and always the rectum mucosal and submucosal inflammation only Treatment Medical 5-aminosalicylic acid agents indications mild disease initial therapy drugs mesalamine best initial therapy sulfasalazine corticosteroids indications for flares immunosuppressive agents drugs infliximab good for those with fistula formation azathioprine recurrent symptoms off steroids antibiotics drugs metronidazole/ciprofloxacin perianal involvement anti-diarrheal medications drugs loperamide replace fat soluble vitamins vitamin D can lead to hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and secondary hyperparathyroidism Surgical surgical resection of affected area indications not curative Complications Fistula formation Colorectal cancer Abscesses Strictures
QUESTIONS 1 of 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Previous Next Lab Values Blood Hematologic Cerebrospinal Sweat, Urine, and BMI Blood, Plasma, Serum Reference Range ALT 8-20 U/L Amylase, serum 25-125 U/L AST 8-20 U/L Bilirubin, serum (adult) Total // Direct 0.1-1.0 mg/dL // 0.0-0.3 mg/dL Calcium, serum (Ca2+) 8.4-10.2 mg/dL Cholesterol, serum Rec: < 200 mg/dL Cortisol, serum 0800 h: 5-23 μg/dL //1600 h: 3-15 μg/dL 2000 h: ≤ 50% of 0800 h Creatine kinase, serum Male: 25-90 U/LFemale: 10-70 U/L Creatinine, serum 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Electrolytes, serum Sodium (Na+) 136-145 mEq/L Chloride (Cl-) 95-105 mEq/L Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 22-28 mEq/L Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.5-2.0 mEq/L Estriol, total, serum (in pregnancy) 24-28 wks // 32-36 wks 30-170 ng/mL // 60-280 ng/mL 28-32 wk // 36-40 wks 40-220 ng/mL // 80-350 ng/mL Ferritin, serum Male: 15-200 ng/mLFemale: 12-150 ng/mL Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma Male: 4-25 mIU/mL Female: premenopause: 4-30 mIU/mL midcycle peak: 10-90 mIU/mL postmenopause: 40-250 pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 33-45 mmHg PO2 75-105 mmHg Glucose, serum Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL2-h postprandial:<120 mg/dL Growth hormone - arginine stimulation Fasting: <5 ng/mLProvocative stimuli: > 7ng/mL Immunoglobulins, serum IgA 76-390 mg/dL IgE 0-380 IU/mL IgG 650-1500 mg/dL IgM 40-345 mg/dL Iron 50-170 μg/dL Lactate dehydrogenase, serum 45-90 U/L Luteinizing hormone, serum/plasma Male: 6-23 mIU/mL Female: follicular phase: 5-30 mIU/mL midcycle: 75-150 mIU/mL postmenopause 30-200 mIU/mL Osmolality, serum 275-295 mOsmol/kd H2O Parathyroid hormone, serume, N-terminal 230-630 pg/mL Phosphatase (alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30° C) 20-70 U/L Phosphorus (inorganic), serum 3.0-4.5 mg/dL Prolactin, serum (hPRL) < 20 ng/mL Proteins, serum Total (recumbent) 6.0-7.8 g/dL Albumin 3.5-5.5 g/dL Globulin 2.3-3.5 g/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum or plasma .5-5.0 μU/mL Thyroidal iodine (123I) uptake 8%-30% of administered dose/24h Thyroxine (T4), serum 5-12 μg/dL Triglycerides, serum 35-160 mg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3), serum (RIA) 115-190 ng/dL Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake 25%-35% Urea nitrogen, serum 7-18 mg/dL Uric acid, serum 3.0-8.2 mg/dL Hematologic Reference Range Bleeding time 2-7 minutes Erythrocyte count Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3Female: 3.5-5.5 million mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) Male: 0-15 mm/hFemale: 0-20 mm/h Hematocrit Male: 41%-53%Female: 36%-46% Hemoglobin A1c ≤ 6 % Hemoglobin, blood Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dLFemale: 12.0-16.0 g/dL Hemoglobin, plasma 1-4 mg/dL Leukocyte count and differential Leukocyte count 4,500-11,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 54%-62% Bands 3%-5% Eosinophils 1%-3% Basophils 0%-0.75% Lymphocytes 25%-33% Monocytes 3%-7% Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 25.4-34.6 pg/cell Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31%-36% Hb/cell Mean corpuscular volume 80-100 μm3 Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 25-40 seconds Platelet count 150,000-400,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 11-15 seconds Reticulocyte count 0.5%-1.5% of red cells Thrombin time < 2 seconds deviation from control Volume Plasma Male: 25-43 mL/kgFemale: 28-45 mL/kg Red cell Male: 20-36 mL/kgFemale: 19-31 mL/kg Cerebrospinal Fluid Reference Range Cell count 0-5/mm3 Chloride 118-132 mEq/L Gamma globulin 3%-12% total proteins Glucose 40-70 mg/dL Pressure 70-180 mm H2O Proteins, total < 40 mg/dL Sweat Reference Range Chloride 0-35 mmol/L Urine Calcium 100-300 mg/24 h Chloride Varies with intake Creatinine clearance Male: 97-137 mL/minFemale: 88-128 mL/min Estriol, total (in pregnancy) 30 wks 6-18 mg/24 h 35 wks 9-28 mg/24 h 40 wks 13-42 mg/24 h 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Male: 3.0-10.0 mg/24 hFemale: 2.0-8.0 mg/24 h 17-Ketosteroids, total Male: 8-20 mg/24 hFemale: 6-15 mg/24 h Osmolality 50-1400 mOsmol/kg H2O Oxalate 8-40 μg/mL Potassium Varies with diet Proteins, total < 150 mg/24 h Sodium Varies with diet Uric acid Varies with diet Body Mass Index (BMI) Adult: 19-25 kg/m2 Calculator ( ) xy AC 7 8 9 ÷ 4 5 6 × 1 2 3 - 0 . = + Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M2.GI.15.4672) A 25-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician complaining of several months of diarrhea. She has also had crampy abdominal pain. She has tried modifying her diet without improvement. She has many watery, non-bloody bowel movements per day. She also reports feeling fatigued. The patient has not recently traveled outside of the country. She has lost 10 pounds since her visit last year, and her BMI is now 20. On exam, she has skin tags and an anal fissure. Which of the following would most likely be seen on endoscopy and biopsy? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 107179 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Diffuse, non-focal ulcerations with granuloma 30% (22/73) 2 Diffuse, non-focal ulcerations without granuloma 18% (13/73) 3 Pseudopolyps and continuous mucosal involvement 15% (11/73) 4 Focal ulcerations with granuloma 27% (20/73) 5 Friable mucosa with pinpoint hemorrhages 8% (6/73) L 2 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review tested concept (M2.GI.15.4672) A 42-year-old female presents to her primary care provider complaining of numbness and tingling bilaterally in her hands for the past month. She has a past medical history of Crohn’s disease and underwent ileal resection 2 years ago. Previously, laboratory studies demonstrated glucose intolerance, which has been managed with lifestyle modifications. The patient’s vital signs are T 98.7 F, HR 98, BP 128/76, and O2 Sat 98%. CBC demonstrates a WBC 7.0, Hgb 10.8, Hct 31.1, and MCV 110. The patient’s Hgb A1c is 5.6%. MRI spine is performed, which shows the following finding (Figure A). What is the most likely cause of the patient’s presentation? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 107181 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Long-term poorly managed diabetes mellitus 5% (1/22) 2 New onset of multiple sclerosis 14% (3/22) 3 Manifestation of a previously untreated syphilis infection 0% (0/22) 4 Consequence of ileal resection 68% (15/22) 5 Autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells 9% (2/22) L 2 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review tested concept (M2.GI.14.5) A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department for weakness and fatigue. His symptoms started 3 days ago and have been gradually worsening. The patient has a history of poorly managed Crohn disease and currently has a complication being managed by his surgeon. This past month, he has had 4 episodes of severe abdominal pain requiring admission. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 114/64 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for the finding in Figure A which is suctioned and cleaned. His abdomen is nontender. Laboratory studies are ordered as seen below.Serum:Na+: 139 mEq/LCl-: 100 mEq/LK+: 3.3 mEq/LHCO3-: 25 mEq/LBUN: 20 mg/dLGlucose: 90 mg/dLCreatinine: 1.4 mg/dLCa2+: 10.2 mg/dLWhich of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 105615 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Abdominal ultrasound 0% (0/0) 2 Budesonide 0% (0/0) 3 CT abdomen 0% (0/0) 4 Mesalamine 0% (0/0) 5 Ringer lactate 0% (0/0) L 3 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 Review tested concept