Snapshot A 25-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician due to malodorous vaginal discharge. She says the discharge has a greenish hue and her symptom is accompanied by postcoital bleeding and a burning sensation in her vaginal area. She describes practicing unprotected sex with her new partner. On speculum examination, there is a "strawberry cervix." Vaginal pH is 5.5. Saline microscopy demonstrates motile trichomonads. She is started on metronidazole and she is told that her partner must be started on the same medication. Introduction Clinical definition vaginal disorder secondary to infection in very rare cases, it may be caused by Enterobius vermicularis typically causes perianal itching inflammation changes in normal vaginal flora Epidemiology risk factors bacterial vaginosis multiple sexual partners antibiotic use intrauterine contraceptive device trichomoniasis multiple sexual partners history of sexually transmitted infections vulvovaginal candidiasis immunosuppression (e.g., transplant patients and HIV infection) uncontrolled diabetes Etiology the most common infections include bacterial vaginosis Candida vulvovaginitis trichomoniasis Pathobiology normal biology in premenopausal women, the vaginal nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium contains a large amount of glycogen lactobacilli use this glycogen from sloughed cells to produce lactic acid creating an acidic vaginal environment (pH 4-4.5) that prevents the growth of pathogenic organisms acidic environment normally maintains normal vaginal flora pathogenesis disruption of this acidic environment results in vaginitis disruptive causes include menstruation sexual activity pregnancy foreign bodies sexually transmitted disease hygienic products antibiotics hypoestrogenic states (e.g., menopause) Prognosis bacterial vaginosis infection may recur in 30% of women trichomoniasis infection may recur in 5-31% of cases vulvovaginal candidiasis infection may recur in ~ 50% of initially infected women Presentation Vaginitis Vaginitis Etiology Clinical Presentation Bacterial vaginosis Gardnerella vaginalis Symptoms malodorous ("fishy" odor) vaginal discharge nonpainful Physical exam off-white or gray and thin vaginal discharge normal vulva Vulvovaginal candidiasis Candida albicans Symptoms pruritus and soreness dyspareunia Physical exam thick, white, odorless, and curd-like vaginal discharge vulvar erythema and edema Trichomoniasis Trichomonas vaginalis Symptoms malodorous greenish discharge burning dyspareunia and dysuria postcoital bleeding Physical exam malodorous discharge "strawberry" cervix vulvovaginal erythema Important note sexually transmitted; therefore, the partner must also be treated Studies Management approach a definitive diagnosis can be obtained by examining the vaginal discharge for pH fishy amine odor microscopy Speculum exam indication to evaluate for underlying causes of vaginitis foreign body (e.g., retained tampon) leading to vaginitis Vaginal pH normal findings pH of 4-4.5 bacterial vaginosis pH of > 4.5 vulvovaginal candidiasis pH of 4-4.5 trichomoniasis pH of 5-6 Saline microscopy (wet mount) bacterial vaginosis clue cells found in epithelial cells vulvovaginal candidiasis pseudohyphae trichomoniasis motile trichomonads Potassium hydroxide (KOH) wet mount vulvovaginal candidiasis pseudohyphae Amine test ("whiff" test) positive in ~70-80% of patients with bacterial vaginosis Differential Physiologic leukorrhea (normal vaginal discharge) odorless, white or yellowish discharge no other symptoms or exam abnormalities Atrophic vaginitis distinguishing factors typically seen in menopausal women on physical exam there is thinning of the vaginal epithelium loss of rugae cervicovaginal friability Treatment Medical metronidazole indications first-line agent for both pregnant and nonpregnant women with bacterial vaginosis clindamycin is an alternative partners do not require treatment as this is not a sexually transmitted infection first-line agent pregnant and nonpregnant women with trichomoniasis tinidazole is another option sexual partner must be treated and sex must be avoided until treatment is complete and the patients are asymptomatic side -effects disulfiram-like reaction -azole indication first-line treatment option for women with vulvovaginal candidiasis topical -azoles are preferred in pregnancy medications include fluconazole clotrimazole miconazole Complications Bacterial vaginosis miscarriage and spontaneous abortion maternal infection postpartum endometritis neonatal complications include low birth weight prematurity Trichomoniasis prematurity premature rupture of membranes preterm premature rupture of membranes Vulvovaginal candidiasis premature rupture of membranes preterm labor cerebral candidiasis in the neonate neonatal death Clue cells (vaginal epithelial cells covered with Gardnerella) have stippled appearance along outer margin (arrow in A ).
QUESTIONS 1 of 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Previous Next Lab Values Blood Hematologic Cerebrospinal Sweat, Urine, and BMI Blood, Plasma, Serum Reference Range ALT 8-20 U/L Amylase, serum 25-125 U/L AST 8-20 U/L Bilirubin, serum (adult) Total // Direct 0.1-1.0 mg/dL // 0.0-0.3 mg/dL Calcium, serum (Ca2+) 8.4-10.2 mg/dL Cholesterol, serum Rec: < 200 mg/dL Cortisol, serum 0800 h: 5-23 μg/dL //1600 h: 3-15 μg/dL 2000 h: ≤ 50% of 0800 h Creatine kinase, serum Male: 25-90 U/LFemale: 10-70 U/L Creatinine, serum 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Electrolytes, serum Sodium (Na+) 136-145 mEq/L Chloride (Cl-) 95-105 mEq/L Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 22-28 mEq/L Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.5-2.0 mEq/L Estriol, total, serum (in pregnancy) 24-28 wks // 32-36 wks 30-170 ng/mL // 60-280 ng/mL 28-32 wk // 36-40 wks 40-220 ng/mL // 80-350 ng/mL Ferritin, serum Male: 15-200 ng/mLFemale: 12-150 ng/mL Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma Male: 4-25 mIU/mL Female: premenopause: 4-30 mIU/mL midcycle peak: 10-90 mIU/mL postmenopause: 40-250 pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 33-45 mmHg PO2 75-105 mmHg Glucose, serum Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL2-h postprandial:<120 mg/dL Growth hormone - arginine stimulation Fasting: <5 ng/mLProvocative stimuli: > 7ng/mL Immunoglobulins, serum IgA 76-390 mg/dL IgE 0-380 IU/mL IgG 650-1500 mg/dL IgM 40-345 mg/dL Iron 50-170 μg/dL Lactate dehydrogenase, serum 45-90 U/L Luteinizing hormone, serum/plasma Male: 6-23 mIU/mL Female: follicular phase: 5-30 mIU/mL midcycle: 75-150 mIU/mL postmenopause 30-200 mIU/mL Osmolality, serum 275-295 mOsmol/kd H2O Parathyroid hormone, serume, N-terminal 230-630 pg/mL Phosphatase (alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30° C) 20-70 U/L Phosphorus (inorganic), serum 3.0-4.5 mg/dL Prolactin, serum (hPRL) < 20 ng/mL Proteins, serum Total (recumbent) 6.0-7.8 g/dL Albumin 3.5-5.5 g/dL Globulin 2.3-3.5 g/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum or plasma .5-5.0 μU/mL Thyroidal iodine (123I) uptake 8%-30% of administered dose/24h Thyroxine (T4), serum 5-12 μg/dL Triglycerides, serum 35-160 mg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3), serum (RIA) 115-190 ng/dL Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake 25%-35% Urea nitrogen, serum 7-18 mg/dL Uric acid, serum 3.0-8.2 mg/dL Hematologic Reference Range Bleeding time 2-7 minutes Erythrocyte count Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3Female: 3.5-5.5 million mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) Male: 0-15 mm/hFemale: 0-20 mm/h Hematocrit Male: 41%-53%Female: 36%-46% Hemoglobin A1c ≤ 6 % Hemoglobin, blood Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dLFemale: 12.0-16.0 g/dL Hemoglobin, plasma 1-4 mg/dL Leukocyte count and differential Leukocyte count 4,500-11,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 54%-62% Bands 3%-5% Eosinophils 1%-3% Basophils 0%-0.75% Lymphocytes 25%-33% Monocytes 3%-7% Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 25.4-34.6 pg/cell Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31%-36% Hb/cell Mean corpuscular volume 80-100 μm3 Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 25-40 seconds Platelet count 150,000-400,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 11-15 seconds Reticulocyte count 0.5%-1.5% of red cells Thrombin time < 2 seconds deviation from control Volume Plasma Male: 25-43 mL/kgFemale: 28-45 mL/kg Red cell Male: 20-36 mL/kgFemale: 19-31 mL/kg Cerebrospinal Fluid Reference Range Cell count 0-5/mm3 Chloride 118-132 mEq/L Gamma globulin 3%-12% total proteins Glucose 40-70 mg/dL Pressure 70-180 mm H2O Proteins, total < 40 mg/dL Sweat Reference Range Chloride 0-35 mmol/L Urine Calcium 100-300 mg/24 h Chloride Varies with intake Creatinine clearance Male: 97-137 mL/minFemale: 88-128 mL/min Estriol, total (in pregnancy) 30 wks 6-18 mg/24 h 35 wks 9-28 mg/24 h 40 wks 13-42 mg/24 h 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Male: 3.0-10.0 mg/24 hFemale: 2.0-8.0 mg/24 h 17-Ketosteroids, total Male: 8-20 mg/24 hFemale: 6-15 mg/24 h Osmolality 50-1400 mOsmol/kg H2O Oxalate 8-40 μg/mL Potassium Varies with diet Proteins, total < 150 mg/24 h Sodium Varies with diet Uric acid Varies with diet Body Mass Index (BMI) Adult: 19-25 kg/m2 Calculator ( ) xy AC 7 8 9 ÷ 4 5 6 × 1 2 3 - 0 . = + Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M2.GN.47) A 9-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician by her mother who reports that the girl has been complaining of genital itching over the past few days. She states she has noticed her daughter scratching her buttocks and anus for the past week; however, now she is scratching her groin quite profusely as well. The mother notices that symptoms seem to be worse at night. The girl is otherwise healthy, is up to date on her vaccinations, and feels well. She was recently treated with amoxicillin for a middle ear infection. The child also had a recent bought of diarrhea that was profuse and watery that seems to be improving. Her temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 111/70 mmHg, pulse is 83/min, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for excoriations over the girl's anus and near her vagina. Which of the following is the most likely infectious etiology? Review Topic QID: 105445 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Candida albicans 0% (0/8) 2 Enterobius vermicularis 0% (0/8) 3 Gardnerella vaginalis 0% (0/8) 4 Giardia lamblia 75% (6/8) 5 Herpes simplex virus 25% (2/8) M2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M2.GN.4874) A 24-year-old woman calls her gynecologist complaining of vaginal odor and vaginal discharge. She had an intrauterine device placed last year and does not use condoms with her boyfriend. She has a past medical history of constipation and depression. She recently was successfully treated for a urinary tract infection with a 2-day course of antibiotics. Physical exam demonstrates an off-white vaginal discharge and a strong odor. Pelvic exam demonstrates an absence of cervical motion tenderness and no adnexal tenderness. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Review Topic QID: 109992 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Anaerobic bacteria overgrowth within the vagina 50% (1/2) 2 Inflammatory bacterial infection 50% (1/2) 3 Insufficiently treated urinary tract infection 0% (0/2) 4 Physiologic discharge secondary to normal hormonal fluctuations 0% (0/2) 5 Pregnancy within the uterine tubes 0% (0/2) M2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M2.GN.4826) A 26-year-old female presents to her gynecologist complaining of increased vaginal discharge for several days. She notes that the discharge is whitish and smells “weird,” and she also endorses mild burning with urination. She also feels like her groin has been slightly itchy. Review of systems is otherwise negative. The patient has a past medical history of type I diabetes and is on insulin. She has had three sexual partners total and has been with her most recent partner for one month. She has been using condoms intermittently with this partner. She last tested negative for HIV six months ago. Three years ago, she had an episode of chlamydia, which was treated and resolved. During this office visit, the patient’s temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), pulse is 71/min, blood pressure is 121/76 mmHg, and respirations are 13/min. Pelvic exam reveals no vulvar irritation but moderate amounts of discharge, shown in Figure A. Microscopic examination of the discharge reveals findings shown in Figure B. The patient is prescribed medication for her condition. Which of the following instructions should be given to the patient at this time? Review Topic QID: 109436 FIGURES: A B Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Avoid wearing panty liners 5% (7/137) 2 Avoid alcohol consumption 38% (52/137) 3 Schedule testing for HIV 12% (17/137) 4 Perform routine douching 9% (13/137) 5 Schedule her partner for treatment 34% (47/137) M2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M2.GN.4725) A 24-year-old G1P0 at 20 weeks gestation presents for a routine obstetric visit and complains of vaginal discharge for one week. She describes the discharge as watery and yellow, and she has had an associated burning sensation on urination. She otherwise feels well and has no complaints. Two weeks ago, the patient was found to have asymptomatic bacteriuria on routine urinalysis and completed a 10-day course of nitrofurantoin. Her pregnancy has otherwise been uncomplicated. She denies new sexual partners or previous history of sexually transmitted diseases. On pelvic exam, there is a foul odor. Her cervix is shown in Figure A. This patient is at most increased risk for which of the following? Review Topic QID: 108567 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Congenital anomaly in the child 7% (4/60) 2 Neonatal sepsis in the child 5% (3/60) 3 Pyelonephritis 17% (10/60) 4 Preterm delivery 60% (36/60) 5 No increased risks 8% (5/60) M2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M2.GN.4727) A 32-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist’s office complaining of increased vaginal discharge for one week. She describes the discharge as watery yellowish with a “bad smell.” She denies new sexual partners but reports inconsistent use of condoms with her husband. Pelvic exam is normal aside from foul-smelling discharge in the vaginal canal and some external irritation of the labial skin. Wet mount of a vaginal swabbing is shown in Figure A. Which of the following instructions should be given to the patient when prescribing the first-line treatment for this condition? Review Topic QID: 108584 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Inquire about her husband's sexual history 0% (0/17) 2 Prescribe the treatment to her husband 12% (2/17) 3 Drink a 8 oz of water with the medication 6% (1/17) 4 Avoid grapefruit juice when taking the medication 0% (0/17) 5 Avoid alcohol when taking the medication 82% (14/17) M2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M2.GN.29) A 28-year-old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents to her gynecologist complaining of 4 days of vaginal itching and burning. Gynecological exam reveals vulvar and vaginal erythema as well as vaginal discharge that resembles cottage cheese. Vaginal wet-mount with KOH prep is shown in Figure A. What treatment should this patient receive? Review Topic QID: 103320 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 IM ceftriaxone 0% (0/0) 2 Oral fluconazole 0% (0/0) 3 Oral metronidazole (patient only) 0% (0/0) 4 Oral metronidazole (patient and partner) 0% (0/0) 5 IM ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin 0% (0/0) M2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M2.GN.207) A 25-year-old nulligravid female presents to clinic complaining of abnormal vaginal discharge and vaginal pruritis. The patient's past medical history is unremarkable and she does not take any medications. She is sexually active with 3 male partners and does not use condoms. Pelvic examination is notable for a thick, odorless, white discharge. There is marked erythema and edema of the vulva. Vaginal pH is normal. Microscopic viewing of the discharge shows pseudohyphae and white blood cells. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment plan? Review Topic QID: 106222 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Oral clindamycin for the patient and her partner 0% (0/21) 2 Oral clindamycin for the patient 0% (0/21) 3 Oral fluconazole for the patient and her partner 0% (0/21) 4 Oral fluconazole for the patient 95% (20/21) 5 Topical metronidazole 0% (0/21) M2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4