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Updated: Dec 1 2021

Gitelman Syndrome

  • Snapshot
    • A 5-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician for muscle aches and pains. He denies any recent trauma. On review of systems, he endorses increased thirst and increased urinary frequency. Laboratory exam reveals hypomagnesemia and normal potassium. His urine studies show decreased calcium. He is sent home on magnesium supplements and plans for future genetic testing.
  • Introduction
    • Clinical definition
      • a renal tubular defect affecting the distal convoluted tubules characterized by
        • mild hypokalemia
        • mild metabolic alkalosis
        • significant hypomagnesemia
        • normal blood pressure
  • Epidemiology
    • Incidence
      • rare
      • 1:40,000
    • Demographics
      • detected in young children but can be detected in adulthood
    • Risk factors
      • consanguinity
  • Etiology
    • Pathogenesis
      • mutation involving NaCl cotransporter (NCTT) which results in
        • impaired Na+ reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule
    • Genetics
      • inheritance pattern
        • autosomal recessive
      • mutations
        • long arm chromosome 16, position 13
        • SLC12A3 gene
  • Presentation
    • Symptoms
      • polyuria
      • polydipsia
      • muscle weakness or cramp
      • fatigue
      • paresthesias
      • abdominal pain
      • vomiting
    • Physical exam
      • growth is often normal but can be delayed
  • Studies
    • Labs
      • hypokalemia (lower than in Bartter’s)
      • hypomagnesemia
      • metabolic alkalosis
      • genetic testing
        • most definitive diagnosis
    • Urine studies
      • ↓ Ca2+
  • Differential
    • Bartter’s syndrome
      • normal serum magnesium
    • Renal Tubular Defects
      Category
      Fanconi Syndrome
      Bartter SyndromeGitelman SyndromeLiddle Syndrome
      Defect localization
      • Proximal tubule
      • Thick ascending loop of Henle
      • Distal convoluted tubule
      • Collecting tubule
      Etiology
      • Wilson disease
      • Tyrosinemia
      • Cystinosis
      • Multiple myeloma
      • Galactosemia
      • Mitochondrial myopathies
      • Medications
        • aminoglycosides
        • cisplatin
        • ifosfamide
        • valproic acid
      • Heavy metals
        • mercury
        • lead
      • Autosomal recessive mutation involving the NKCC2 cotransporter
      • Autosomal recessive mutationinvolving the NaCl cotransporter
      • Autosomal dominant mutation leading to increased activity of epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC)
      Findings
      • Hypophosphatemia
      • Aminoaciduria
      • Renal glucosuria
      • Tubular proteinuria
      • Proximal renal tubular acidosis
      • Hypokalemia
      • Hypochloremia
      • Metabolic alkalosis
      • Normotension
      • Elevated plasma renin level
      • Hypokalemia
      • Hypochloremia
      • Metabolic alkalosis
      • Hypomagnesemia
      • Hypocalciuria
      • Normotension
      • Hypertension
      • Hypokalemia
      • Metabolic alkalosis
  • Treatment
    • Conservative
      • optimize electrolytes with diet or supplements
        • indications
          • those with hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia
    • Medical
      • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
        • indications
          • for patients who require medical therapy beyond dietary supplements
        • drugs
          • indomethacin
          • celecoxib
      • potassium-sparing diuretics
        • indications
          • to treat hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
        • drugs
          • amiloride
          • eplerenone
  • Complications
    • Cardiac arrhythmia due to hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia
    • Chondrocalcinosis
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