Snapshot A 21-year-old male college student has become increasingly bizarre over the course of the last semester and is referred by his academic advisor to the student health clinic. He will not leave his room for weeks at a time because he believes that voices in his head are telling him to continue searching the internet for hidden alien messages. He believes he is the only one on earth with this special ability. He is paranoid that the FBI knows this secret and is trying to prevent him from receiving these messages. A consulting psychiatrist admits the patient to the psychiatry ward. The patient is started on low doses of risperidone. Introduction Epidemiology genetic factors outweigh environmental factors in etiology 1.4 times more diagnoses in men than women presents earlier in men late teens to early 20s in men late 20s to early 30s in women higher risk for suicide than general population Potential causes overactive dopaminergic activity (association for board exams) in reality, this hypothesis is weak based on fact that the weakest D2 antagonist used for treatment (clozapine) is most effective agent for schizophrenia NMDA, GABA, acetylcholine are all implicated NOTE: subtypes (paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual) have been eliminated from DSM-V due to poor validity and low reliability Associated conditions brief psychotic disorder schizophrenic symptoms lasting < 1 month usually stress related schizophreniform disorder schizophrenic symptoms lasting between 1 and 6 months schizoaffective disorder schizophrenic symptoms with manic or depressed episode mood disturbance must be present for majority of total duration of disorder Presentation Positive symptoms delusions fixed, false beliefs hallucinations sensory perceptions without physical stimuli auditory is most common disorganized speech loose associations, word salad, tangential speech grossly disorganized behavior Negative symptoms flat affect social withdrawal lack of motivations lack of speech or thought grossly catatonic behavior symptoms improve with lorazepam Evaluation Diagnostic criteria at least 2 of symptoms listed above (so-called Criterion A symptoms) at least 1 must be a delusion, hallucination, or disorganized speech these have to manifest for a 1 month period persistent symptomatic dysfunction lasting > 6 months rule out schizoaffective disorder mood disturbances only present during minority of symptomatic period rule out depressive/bipolar disorder with psychotic features schizophrenic symptoms manifest only during mood disturbances rule out substance use and other medical conditions Imaging (boards knowledge, not part of diagnostic criteria) may demonstrate increased ventricular size, decreased cerebral mass, decreased hippocampal mass, decreased temporal mass Management Hospitalization for acute psychotic episode baseline physical and neurological exam important to establish existing musculoskeletal symptoms investigations: best initial test: urine toxicology to rule out an easy and reversible cause CBC, Chem-7, LFTs, TSH, fasting glucose, EKG important to assess presence or absence of metabolic syndrome important to know baseline QTc interval before starting antipsychotic atypical (2nd generation) antipsychotic medications first-line drug due to less extrapyramidal side effects compared to 1st generation (typical) antipsychotics typical first agents: olanzapine, ziprazidone, quetiapine if not compliant, long-acting risperidone or depot haloperidol may be used clozapine used as a last-line drug for refractory schizophrenia refractoriness established if first-line drug fails to improve symptoms after 2-6 weeks adding a second first-line drug is not effective
QUESTIONS 1 of 4 1 2 3 4 Previous Next Lab Values Blood Hematologic Cerebrospinal Sweat, Urine, and BMI Blood, Plasma, Serum Reference Range ALT 8-20 U/L Amylase, serum 25-125 U/L AST 8-20 U/L Bilirubin, serum (adult) Total // Direct 0.1-1.0 mg/dL // 0.0-0.3 mg/dL Calcium, serum (Ca2+) 8.4-10.2 mg/dL Cholesterol, serum Rec: < 200 mg/dL Cortisol, serum 0800 h: 5-23 μg/dL //1600 h: 3-15 μg/dL 2000 h: ≤ 50% of 0800 h Creatine kinase, serum Male: 25-90 U/LFemale: 10-70 U/L Creatinine, serum 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Electrolytes, serum Sodium (Na+) 136-145 mEq/L Chloride (Cl-) 95-105 mEq/L Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 22-28 mEq/L Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.5-2.0 mEq/L Estriol, total, serum (in pregnancy) 24-28 wks // 32-36 wks 30-170 ng/mL // 60-280 ng/mL 28-32 wk // 36-40 wks 40-220 ng/mL // 80-350 ng/mL Ferritin, serum Male: 15-200 ng/mLFemale: 12-150 ng/mL Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma Male: 4-25 mIU/mL Female: premenopause: 4-30 mIU/mL midcycle peak: 10-90 mIU/mL postmenopause: 40-250 pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 33-45 mmHg PO2 75-105 mmHg Glucose, serum Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL2-h postprandial:<120 mg/dL Growth hormone - arginine stimulation Fasting: <5 ng/mLProvocative stimuli: > 7ng/mL Immunoglobulins, serum IgA 76-390 mg/dL IgE 0-380 IU/mL IgG 650-1500 mg/dL IgM 40-345 mg/dL Iron 50-170 μg/dL Lactate dehydrogenase, serum 45-90 U/L Luteinizing hormone, serum/plasma Male: 6-23 mIU/mL Female: follicular phase: 5-30 mIU/mL midcycle: 75-150 mIU/mL postmenopause 30-200 mIU/mL Osmolality, serum 275-295 mOsmol/kd H2O Parathyroid hormone, serume, N-terminal 230-630 pg/mL Phosphatase (alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30° C) 20-70 U/L Phosphorus (inorganic), serum 3.0-4.5 mg/dL Prolactin, serum (hPRL) < 20 ng/mL Proteins, serum Total (recumbent) 6.0-7.8 g/dL Albumin 3.5-5.5 g/dL Globulin 2.3-3.5 g/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum or plasma .5-5.0 μU/mL Thyroidal iodine (123I) uptake 8%-30% of administered dose/24h Thyroxine (T4), serum 5-12 μg/dL Triglycerides, serum 35-160 mg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3), serum (RIA) 115-190 ng/dL Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake 25%-35% Urea nitrogen, serum 7-18 mg/dL Uric acid, serum 3.0-8.2 mg/dL Hematologic Reference Range Bleeding time 2-7 minutes Erythrocyte count Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3Female: 3.5-5.5 million mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) Male: 0-15 mm/hFemale: 0-20 mm/h Hematocrit Male: 41%-53%Female: 36%-46% Hemoglobin A1c ≤ 6 % Hemoglobin, blood Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dLFemale: 12.0-16.0 g/dL Hemoglobin, plasma 1-4 mg/dL Leukocyte count and differential Leukocyte count 4,500-11,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 54%-62% Bands 3%-5% Eosinophils 1%-3% Basophils 0%-0.75% Lymphocytes 25%-33% Monocytes 3%-7% Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 25.4-34.6 pg/cell Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31%-36% Hb/cell Mean corpuscular volume 80-100 μm3 Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 25-40 seconds Platelet count 150,000-400,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 11-15 seconds Reticulocyte count 0.5%-1.5% of red cells Thrombin time < 2 seconds deviation from control Volume Plasma Male: 25-43 mL/kgFemale: 28-45 mL/kg Red cell Male: 20-36 mL/kgFemale: 19-31 mL/kg Cerebrospinal Fluid Reference Range Cell count 0-5/mm3 Chloride 118-132 mEq/L Gamma globulin 3%-12% total proteins Glucose 40-70 mg/dL Pressure 70-180 mm H2O Proteins, total < 40 mg/dL Sweat Reference Range Chloride 0-35 mmol/L Urine Calcium 100-300 mg/24 h Chloride Varies with intake Creatinine clearance Male: 97-137 mL/minFemale: 88-128 mL/min Estriol, total (in pregnancy) 30 wks 6-18 mg/24 h 35 wks 9-28 mg/24 h 40 wks 13-42 mg/24 h 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Male: 3.0-10.0 mg/24 hFemale: 2.0-8.0 mg/24 h 17-Ketosteroids, total Male: 8-20 mg/24 hFemale: 6-15 mg/24 h Osmolality 50-1400 mOsmol/kg H2O Oxalate 8-40 μg/mL Potassium Varies with diet Proteins, total < 150 mg/24 h Sodium Varies with diet Uric acid Varies with diet Body Mass Index (BMI) Adult: 19-25 kg/m2 Calculator ( ) xy AC 7 8 9 ÷ 4 5 6 × 1 2 3 - 0 . = + (M2.PY.4684) During an emergency room shift, you encounter a disheveled looking man claiming that he is President Kennedy’s love child and the FBI is out to get him. He also endorses that the aliens are responsible for his fathers death and that the aliens implanted a chip in his head to constantly speak to him. Upon review of his medical record, you notice that he made a previous visit to the ER for a similar episode about 8 months ago. Besides his eccentric demeanor and disorganized speech, his vitals and physical exam are all within in normal range. No illicit substances were identified following a urinary toxicology screening. What type of medication would be best long-term for our patient? Review Topic QID: 107317 1 Quetiapine 0% (0/0) 2 Lithium 0% (0/0) 3 Fluoxetine 0% (0/0) 4 Chlorpromazine 0% (0/0) 5 Escitalopram 0% (0/0) M2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 1 (M2.PY.4679) A 19-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his roommate for 'strange' behavior over the last 48 hours. The patient states that he is hearing voices speak to him, giving him secret messages and instructions to carry out. He believes that the FBI is following him and spying on his conversations. The patient is concerned that they are listening to these messages and will find out his secrets. The patient's friend does not believe the patient ingested any substance or used any recreational drugs prior to this episode. A negative drug screen is obtained and confirms this. Physical examination does not reveal any abnormalities. Which of the following treatments might best target this patient's symptoms? Review Topic QID: 107286 1 Sertraline 0% (0/20) 2 Risperidone 60% (12/20) 3 Haloperidol 20% (4/20) 4 Chlorpromazine 10% (2/20) 5 Psychotherapy 5% (1/20) M2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 2 Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK