Snapshot An infant is born to a G2P2 mother via vacuum extraction. On physical exam, there is an edematous swelling on the scalp that extends across the midline and crosses the suture lines of the skull. There is erythema over the swelling and upon palpation it appears to be above the periosteum. (Caput succedaneum) Introduction Clinical definition an impairment in the function or structure of the neonate's body secondary to an adverse birth event Epidemiology Incidence approximately 2% Location soft tissue extracranially intracranially fractures Risk factors macrosomnia maternal obesity breech position forceps or vacuum assisted device Cranial Injuries Caput succedaneum clinical definition edematous scalp swelling above the periosteum that crosses the suture lines pathophysiology pathoanatomy login to view 1 more bullet presentation physical exam login to view 2 more bullets studies diagnostic criteria login to view 1 more bullet differential cephalohematoma iatrogenic encephalocele treatment conservative login to view 3 more bullets Cephalohematoma clinical definition subperiosteal bleeding that does not cross suture lines pathophysiology pathoanatomy login to view 3 more bullets presentation physical exam login to view 4 more bullets imaging radiography or computerized tomography (CT) of the head login to view 3 more bullets studies diagnostic criteria login to view 1 more bullet differential caput succedaneum cranial meningocele treatment conservative login to view 3 more bullets Subgaleal hemorrhage clinical definition blood accumulation between the periosteum of the skull and the epicranial aponeurosis pathophysiology pathoanatomy login to view 2 more bullets presentation physical exam login to view 5 more bullets studies labs login to view 2 more bullets differential caput succedaneum cephalohematoma treatment medical login to view 6 more bullets Nerve Injuries Brachial plexus injury (BPI) clinical definition lesion of the brachial plexus that results in paralysis of the upper arm muscles pathophysiology pathoanatomy login to view 2 more bullets presentation physical exam login to view 4 more bullets studies diagnostic criteria login to view 1 more bullet treatment conservative login to view 2 more bullets Fractures Clavicle fracture presentation physical exam login to view 6 more bullets imaging radiography of the chest and upper extremity login to view 2 more bullets studies diagnostic criteria login to view 1 more bullet treatment conservative login to view 3 more bullets prognosis Infant mortality secondary to birth trauma has significantly decreased