Snapshot A infant presents with signs of respiratory distress within minutes of birth. He was born at 28 weeks gestation to a diabetic mother. Vital signs are significant for a respiratory rate of 72/min. Nasal flaring and intercostal retractions are noted on exam. A diffuse ground glass appearance, as well as air bronchogram is seen on radiography. Introduction Most common form of respiratory failure in preterm infants Results from surfactant deficiency login to view 1 more bullet EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence login to view 1 more bullet Risk factors include: login to view 3 more bullets Presentation Symptoms login to view 5 more bullets Physical exam login to view 4 more bullets imaging CXR login to view 3 more bullets Differential Transient tachypnea of newborn login to view 2 more bullets Meconium aspiration syndrome login to view 1 more bullet Congenital pneumonia login to view 2 more bullets Others potential pathology includes spontaneous pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia, and cyanotic heart disease diagnosis Diagnosis primarily based on history, clinical presentation, and radiography login to view 5 more bullets Treatment Prevention login to view 2 more bullets Medical management login to view 7 more bullets Complications Persistant PDA, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity secondary to oxygen supplementation, intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis Prognosis Ranges widely depending on degree of prematurity and lung development Immediate, intensive care critical for survival in diagnosed cases