Snapshot A 2-year-old child presents to the pediatrician’s office for a rash. Her mother is against vaccines, so the child had not received any childhood vaccines. Her father, however, is worried about her lack of vaccination and asks the doctor if this is measles or rubella. On physical exam, she has a high fever as well as a confluent maculopapular rash. She also has blue-white spots on her buccal mucosa. The family is instructed to take isolation precautions and to bring in the child’s siblings who are also unvaccinated. Introduction Classification measles (rubeola) virus a paramyxovirus an enveloped, helical capsid, linear, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus highly contagious via respiratory secretions causes measles Prevention measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine given over 2 doses Epidemiology Incidence decreased in the US due to vaccination endemic in parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia Demographics more common in children Risk factors lack of vaccination travel to endemic areas ETIOLOGY Pathogenesis all paramyxoviruses contain the F (fusion) protein can induce cell-to-cell fusion, creating multi-nucleated giant cells helps mediate virus and cell membrane fusion, ultimately resulting in infection of the host cell hemagglutinin (HA) protein helps the virus attach to the host cell the virus replicates in epithelial cells in the respiratory tract and lymph nodes Presentation Symptoms prodrome high-grade fever Cough Conjunctivitis Coryza rash Physical exam Koplik spots buccal mucosa with bluish white macules with background of bright red pathognomonic for measles confluent maculopapular rash starts in the head and neck and spreads downward to trunk initially blanching with pressure in the first few days excludes palms and soles lymphadenopathy Studies Labs detection of measles-specific immunoglobulin M or G detection of virus on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction Biopsy of lymph node Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells, or fused lymphocytes, with paracortical hyperplasia Differential Drug reaction distinguishing factors typically presents with a morbiliform rash, characterized by red macules that may be confluent typically is not accompanied by systemic symptoms such as a high fever Parvovirus B19 infection distinguishing factors slapped cheek rash maculopapular rash on trunk and limbs that does not spread from head/neck downward DIAGNOSIS Making the diagnosis based on clinical presentation and confirmed with laboratory studies Treatment Management approach mainstay of treatment is supportive care and prevention with vaccines Conservative supportive care indication all patients modalities antipyretics analgesics hydration Medical vitamin A indication reduces morbidity and mortality in all patients Complications Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis neurodegenerative disease presents in adolescence/adulthood initial symptoms: memory loss, change in behavior, irritability progresses to motor dysfunction (e.g., myoclonic jerks, ataxis, seizures) MRI shoulds multiple white-matter hyperintensities, scarring, and cerebral atrophy poor prognosis, usually fatal within 1-3 years of diagnosis Encephalitis Giant cell pneumonia in the immunosuppressed Prognosis Prodrome followed by rash
QUESTIONS 1 of 5 1 2 3 4 5 Previous Next Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M2.PD.15.5663) A 2-year old boy is brought to a pediatrician's office by his parents. They report that the child had a low-grade fever five days ago, along with a cough and eye discharge. An eruption is seen on his face, trunk and hands, and his parents say it started about 2 days ago on his face (similar to Figure A). Oral examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is a complication of this patient's condition? QID: 106981 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Mitral valve disease 7% (2/30) 2 Glomerulonephritis 3% (1/30) 3 Hearing loss 27% (8/30) 4 Encephalitis 60% (18/30) 5 Recurrent dermatomal rash 0% (0/30) M 7 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (M2.PD.12.8) A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother for fever and a change in his behavior over the past 4 days. The patient and his mother recently immigrated from Beijing and they have never had access to healthcare. She noticed he developed a rash and became more confused over the past several days. His temperature is 104°F (40.0°C), blood pressure is 74/54 mmHg, pulse is 140/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for the finding in Figure A which covers the patient's arms, torso, and face. The patient deteriorates and is admitted to the ICU. After 7 days in the ICU the patient is able to be discharged. Which of the following is a possible complication of this patient's condition? QID: 105406 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Cataracts 6% (5/88) 2 Encephalitis 16% (14/88) 3 Glomerulonephritis 11% (10/88) 4 Mental retardation 57% (50/88) 5 Sensorineural deafness 8% (7/88) M 8 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic
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