Snapshot A 52-year-old female presents with a feeling of heat beginning in the face, neck, and chest followed by profuse sweating in the upper body that lasts five minutes.These episodes are happening repetitively throughout the day and disturb her sleep at night. Her last menstrual period was over six months ago. Introduction Permanent cessation of menstruation secondary to oocyte depletion leading to decreased estrogen and progesterone hot flash symptoms a result of declining levels of estradiol-17β Epidemiology mean age in the US is 51 early menopause is associated with cigarette smoking Premature menopause is defined by menopause before age 40 Post-menopausal women lose the protective effects of estrogen with increased risk for osteoporosis heart disease Presentation Symptoms hot flashes and sweats sleep disturbance mood changes and depression vaginal atrophy and dryness dysuria urge incontinence dyspareunia (painful intercourse) osteoporosis menstrual cycle is no longer normal with no premenstrual symptoms Evaluation This is a clinical diagnosis Elevated serum FSH (> 30 mIU/mL) depletion of ovarian follicles leads to a drop in estrogen and results in elevated FSH and LH Androstenedione levels do not change Estrogen levels will be low Majority of estrogen produced by adipose tissue during menopause DEXA scan (at 65 years or older) a T-score of -2.5 or less is significant indicates osteoporosis treatment is recommended Differential Premature ovarian failure Rule out other conditions that can cause amenorrhea pregnancy, thyroid disease, and hyperprolactinemia Treatment Estrogen hormone replacement therapy (HRT) estrogen AND progesterone progesterone needed if uterus is present to avoid endometrial hyperplasia from unopposed estrogen stimulation which can increase risk of malignancy estrogen ONLY therapy if uterus is no longer present (as there is no increased risk due to lack of endometrium) total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy indications for HRT (in a healthy woman < 60 years and no contraindications) vasomotor symptoms mood lability/depression vulvovaginal atrophy benefits of HRT relief of menopause symptoms decrease risk of heart disease and stroke decrease osteoporosis decrease dementia risks of HRT endometrial CA breast CA (controversial) deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism breast pain contraindications of HRT deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism patient at high risk for breast cancer or has breast cancer breast cancer may contain receptors for estrogen and progesterone which can worsen cancer if stimulation by HRT breast pain (due to estrogen stimulation) liver disease (chronic hepatitis) estrogen is metabolized in the liver route of administration topical estrogen used if mainly vaginal symptoms Alternative drugs for vasomotor symptoms SSRIs (paroxetine) SSNRIs clonidine gabapentin Prognosis, Prevention, and Complications Complications osteoporosis coronary artery disease
QUESTIONS 1 of 2 1 2 Previous Next Lab Values Blood Hematologic Cerebrospinal Sweat, Urine, and BMI Blood, Plasma, Serum Reference Range ALT 8-20 U/L Amylase, serum 25-125 U/L AST 8-20 U/L Bilirubin, serum (adult) Total // Direct 0.1-1.0 mg/dL // 0.0-0.3 mg/dL Calcium, serum (Ca2+) 8.4-10.2 mg/dL Cholesterol, serum Rec: < 200 mg/dL Cortisol, serum 0800 h: 5-23 μg/dL //1600 h: 3-15 μg/dL 2000 h: ≤ 50% of 0800 h Creatine kinase, serum Male: 25-90 U/LFemale: 10-70 U/L Creatinine, serum 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Electrolytes, serum Sodium (Na+) 136-145 mEq/L Chloride (Cl-) 95-105 mEq/L Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 22-28 mEq/L Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.5-2.0 mEq/L Estriol, total, serum (in pregnancy) 24-28 wks // 32-36 wks 30-170 ng/mL // 60-280 ng/mL 28-32 wk // 36-40 wks 40-220 ng/mL // 80-350 ng/mL Ferritin, serum Male: 15-200 ng/mLFemale: 12-150 ng/mL Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma Male: 4-25 mIU/mL Female: premenopause: 4-30 mIU/mL midcycle peak: 10-90 mIU/mL postmenopause: 40-250 pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 33-45 mmHg PO2 75-105 mmHg Glucose, serum Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL2-h postprandial:<120 mg/dL Growth hormone - arginine stimulation Fasting: <5 ng/mLProvocative stimuli: > 7ng/mL Immunoglobulins, serum IgA 76-390 mg/dL IgE 0-380 IU/mL IgG 650-1500 mg/dL IgM 40-345 mg/dL Iron 50-170 μg/dL Lactate dehydrogenase, serum 45-90 U/L Luteinizing hormone, serum/plasma Male: 6-23 mIU/mL Female: follicular phase: 5-30 mIU/mL midcycle: 75-150 mIU/mL postmenopause 30-200 mIU/mL Osmolality, serum 275-295 mOsmol/kd H2O Parathyroid hormone, serume, N-terminal 230-630 pg/mL Phosphatase (alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30° C) 20-70 U/L Phosphorus (inorganic), serum 3.0-4.5 mg/dL Prolactin, serum (hPRL) < 20 ng/mL Proteins, serum Total (recumbent) 6.0-7.8 g/dL Albumin 3.5-5.5 g/dL Globulin 2.3-3.5 g/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum or plasma .5-5.0 μU/mL Thyroidal iodine (123I) uptake 8%-30% of administered dose/24h Thyroxine (T4), serum 5-12 μg/dL Triglycerides, serum 35-160 mg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3), serum (RIA) 115-190 ng/dL Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake 25%-35% Urea nitrogen, serum 7-18 mg/dL Uric acid, serum 3.0-8.2 mg/dL Hematologic Reference Range Bleeding time 2-7 minutes Erythrocyte count Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3Female: 3.5-5.5 million mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) Male: 0-15 mm/hFemale: 0-20 mm/h Hematocrit Male: 41%-53%Female: 36%-46% Hemoglobin A1c ≤ 6 % Hemoglobin, blood Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dLFemale: 12.0-16.0 g/dL Hemoglobin, plasma 1-4 mg/dL Leukocyte count and differential Leukocyte count 4,500-11,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 54%-62% Bands 3%-5% Eosinophils 1%-3% Basophils 0%-0.75% Lymphocytes 25%-33% Monocytes 3%-7% Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 25.4-34.6 pg/cell Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31%-36% Hb/cell Mean corpuscular volume 80-100 μm3 Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 25-40 seconds Platelet count 150,000-400,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 11-15 seconds Reticulocyte count 0.5%-1.5% of red cells Thrombin time < 2 seconds deviation from control Volume Plasma Male: 25-43 mL/kgFemale: 28-45 mL/kg Red cell Male: 20-36 mL/kgFemale: 19-31 mL/kg Cerebrospinal Fluid Reference Range Cell count 0-5/mm3 Chloride 118-132 mEq/L Gamma globulin 3%-12% total proteins Glucose 40-70 mg/dL Pressure 70-180 mm H2O Proteins, total < 40 mg/dL Sweat Reference Range Chloride 0-35 mmol/L Urine Calcium 100-300 mg/24 h Chloride Varies with intake Creatinine clearance Male: 97-137 mL/minFemale: 88-128 mL/min Estriol, total (in pregnancy) 30 wks 6-18 mg/24 h 35 wks 9-28 mg/24 h 40 wks 13-42 mg/24 h 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Male: 3.0-10.0 mg/24 hFemale: 2.0-8.0 mg/24 h 17-Ketosteroids, total Male: 8-20 mg/24 hFemale: 6-15 mg/24 h Osmolality 50-1400 mOsmol/kg H2O Oxalate 8-40 μg/mL Potassium Varies with diet Proteins, total < 150 mg/24 h Sodium Varies with diet Uric acid Varies with diet Body Mass Index (BMI) Adult: 19-25 kg/m2 Calculator ( ) xy AC 7 8 9 ÷ 4 5 6 × 1 2 3 - 0 . = + Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M2.GN.17.71) A 54-year-old G2P2 presents to her gynecologist's office with complaints of frequent hot flashes, malaise, insomnia, and mild mood swings for 2 weeks. She has also noticed some pain with intercourse and vaginal dryness during this time. She is otherwise healthy besides hyperlipidemia, controlled on atorvastatin. She has no other past medical history, but underwent hysterectomy for postpartum hemorrhage. She is desiring of a medication to control her symptoms. Which of the following is the most appropriate short-term medical therapy in this patient for symptomatic relief? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 103362 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Hormonal replacement therapy with estrogen alone 25% (1/4) 2 Hormonal replacement therapy with combined estrogen/progesterone 50% (2/4) 3 Hormonal replacement therapy with progesterone alone 25% (1/4) 4 Paroxetine 0% (0/4) 5 Gabapentin 0% (0/4) L 3 Question Complexity D Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1