Snapshot A 6-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother due to noticing him "acting strange." She reports that the patient would jerk his head rapidly and sniff a considerable amount of times per day for over a year. The jerking and sniffing episodes would begin and end abruptly, and the frequency would increase during periods of increased stress. She notices the patient trying to suppress these sniffing episodes and jerking movements, and appears relieved after they occur. Neurologic exam is normal besides the neck jerking and sniffing. Introduction Clinical definition login to view 1 more bullet Epidemiology Incidence login to view 1 more bullet Demographics login to view 2 more bullets ETIOLOGY Pathogenesis login to view 2 more bullets Genetics login to view 4 more bullets Associated conditions login to view 3 more bullets Presentation Symptoms and physical exam login to view 7 more bullets Differential Transient motor and phonic tics which lasts login to view 1 more bullet Myoclonus Dystonia Chorea Stereotypies Spasmus nutans login to view 4 more bullets DIAGNOSIS Diagnostic criteria login to view 7 more bullets Treatment Conservative login to view 5 more bullets Medical login to view 20 more bullets Operative login to view 4 more bullets Complications A reduction in quality of life May develop depression Prognosis Tics typically decline during adolescence and may login to view 1 more bullet Tics may persist into adulthood but their severity can decline over time