Snapshot A 50-year-old man presents to his cardiologist for dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, and swollen legs. He reports that these symptoms have worsened over the past few weeks. He has a past medical history of rheumatic fever when he was a young adult. He is currently taking no medications. On physical exam, he is noted to have a hoarse voice. On cardiac exam, there is a diastolic rumble following an opening snap and peripheral edema. An echo reveals thickened mitral valve leaflets. Introduction Clinical definition login to view 1 more bullet Associated conditions login to view 1 more bullet Epidemiology Demographics login to view 1 more bullet Risk factors login to view 1 more bullet Etiology Rheumatic fever (most common) Congenital defect (rare) Infective endocarditis Pathogenesis login to view 7 more bullets Presentation Symptoms login to view 8 more bullets Physical exam login to view 10 more bullets Imaging Chest radiography login to view 7 more bullets Echocardiography login to view 6 more bullets Studies Electrocardiogram login to view 5 more bullets Making the diagnosis login to view 1 more bullet Differential Aortic regurgitation login to view 3 more bullets Atrial myxoma login to view 2 more bullets Treatment Management approach login to view 1 more bullet Conservative login to view 3 more bullets Medical login to view 6 more bullets Operative login to view 4 more bullets Complications Infective endocarditis Heart failure Pulmonary hypertension