Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Cardiovascular

Snapshot
- A 60-year-old man presents to his cardiologist for worsening shortness of breath and easy fatigability. He began developing symptoms a few months prior to presentation. His shortness of breath is most significant with exertion and he notes having swollen feet. His medical history includes hypertension, hyperlipidemia, alcohol use disorder. He currently takes hydrochlorothiazide and atorvastatin. On physical exam, an S3 heart sound and a systolic regurgitant murmur is appreciated on cardiac auscultation. An echocardiogram shows markedly dilated ventricles with a reduced ejection fraction.

Summary
- Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common type of cardiomyopathy. It is caused by cardiac chamber dilation and systolic dysfunction. The condition typically presents in adults with symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea, edema, and decreased exercise tolerance.
- Diagnosis is made based on assessment of ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction while ruling out other causes. Echocardiography can confirm diagnosis by visualizing ventricular changes.
- Treatment usually consists of addressing the underlying cause of DCM. In severe cases, operative treatment including cardioverter defibrillator, ventricular assist devices, and heart transplantation are considered.

Anatomy
- Cardiac walls are stretched and thinned
  
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Diagnosis
- Based on LV dilation and reduce EF as demonstrated by echocardiography.

Prognosis
- Around 50% of patients die within 2 years from heart failure or arrhythmias

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