Snapshot A 54-year-old woman presents with right groin and buttock pain. She denies any recent history of trauma or fall on the affected area. Medical history is significant for multiple sclerosis (MS) that required systemic steroids due to a MS exacerbation. On physical exam, there is decreased passive and active range of motion of the hip. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates serpiginous peripheral sclerosis with inner granulation tissue. Introduction Clinical definition reduced vascular supply to the bone resulting in progressive and painful degeneration of the bone also termed osteonecrosis Epidemiology incidence typically occurs in the anterolateral femoral head demographics dependent on the cause of osteonecrosis e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus associated with osteonecrosis is more likely to be seen in women Etiology traumatic fractures e.g., femoral head, femur, and scaphoid bone dislocation e.g., slipped capital femoral epiphysis atraumatic idiopathic (Legg-Calve-Perthes disease) alcohol use corticosteroids think of disorders that use corticosteroids such as systemic lupus erythematosus acute lymphoblastic leukemia transplantation Gaucher disease sickle cell disease caisson disease ("the bends") bisphosphonate therapy Pathogenesis impaired blood supply leads to infarction of the associated bone and bone marrow vascular insufficiency can result form mechanical blood vessel injury blood vessel compression venous occlusion thromboembolism Prognosis dependent on the extent of the lesion Presentation Symptoms asymptomatic seen in a small portion of patients pain groin pain suggests osteonecrosis of the femoral head thigh and buttock pain is also suggestive pain in weight bearing joints pain can occur at rest and at night Physical exam non-specific limited passive and active range of motion of the hip joint with hip involvement a limp can be seen Imaging Radiographs indication perform in patients with a clinical presentation concerning for osteonecrosis Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indication gold-standard for the diagnosis of osteonecrosis modalities without contrast Studies Making the diagnosis based on clinical presentation and imaging findings Differential Stress fracture Degenerative joint disease Treatment Management approach to preserve the native joint as long as possible treatment modalities are dependent on the location and extent of disease Complications Collapse of femoral head in cases of femoral involvement Degenerative joint disease Focal osteoporosis
QUESTIONS 1 of 2 1 2 Previous Next Lab Values Blood Hematologic Cerebrospinal Sweat, Urine, and BMI Blood, Plasma, Serum Reference Range ALT 8-20 U/L Amylase, serum 25-125 U/L AST 8-20 U/L Bilirubin, serum (adult) Total // Direct 0.1-1.0 mg/dL // 0.0-0.3 mg/dL Calcium, serum (Ca2+) 8.4-10.2 mg/dL Cholesterol, serum Rec: < 200 mg/dL Cortisol, serum 0800 h: 5-23 μg/dL //1600 h: 3-15 μg/dL 2000 h: ≤ 50% of 0800 h Creatine kinase, serum Male: 25-90 U/LFemale: 10-70 U/L Creatinine, serum 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Electrolytes, serum Sodium (Na+) 136-145 mEq/L Chloride (Cl-) 95-105 mEq/L Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 22-28 mEq/L Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.5-2.0 mEq/L Estriol, total, serum (in pregnancy) 24-28 wks // 32-36 wks 30-170 ng/mL // 60-280 ng/mL 28-32 wk // 36-40 wks 40-220 ng/mL // 80-350 ng/mL Ferritin, serum Male: 15-200 ng/mLFemale: 12-150 ng/mL Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma Male: 4-25 mIU/mL Female: premenopause: 4-30 mIU/mL midcycle peak: 10-90 mIU/mL postmenopause: 40-250 pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 33-45 mmHg PO2 75-105 mmHg Glucose, serum Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL2-h postprandial:<120 mg/dL Growth hormone - arginine stimulation Fasting: <5 ng/mLProvocative stimuli: > 7ng/mL Immunoglobulins, serum IgA 76-390 mg/dL IgE 0-380 IU/mL IgG 650-1500 mg/dL IgM 40-345 mg/dL Iron 50-170 μg/dL Lactate dehydrogenase, serum 45-90 U/L Luteinizing hormone, serum/plasma Male: 6-23 mIU/mL Female: follicular phase: 5-30 mIU/mL midcycle: 75-150 mIU/mL postmenopause 30-200 mIU/mL Osmolality, serum 275-295 mOsmol/kd H2O Parathyroid hormone, serume, N-terminal 230-630 pg/mL Phosphatase (alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30° C) 20-70 U/L Phosphorus (inorganic), serum 3.0-4.5 mg/dL Prolactin, serum (hPRL) < 20 ng/mL Proteins, serum Total (recumbent) 6.0-7.8 g/dL Albumin 3.5-5.5 g/dL Globulin 2.3-3.5 g/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum or plasma .5-5.0 μU/mL Thyroidal iodine (123I) uptake 8%-30% of administered dose/24h Thyroxine (T4), serum 5-12 μg/dL Triglycerides, serum 35-160 mg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3), serum (RIA) 115-190 ng/dL Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake 25%-35% Urea nitrogen, serum 7-18 mg/dL Uric acid, serum 3.0-8.2 mg/dL Hematologic Reference Range Bleeding time 2-7 minutes Erythrocyte count Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3Female: 3.5-5.5 million mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) Male: 0-15 mm/hFemale: 0-20 mm/h Hematocrit Male: 41%-53%Female: 36%-46% Hemoglobin A1c ≤ 6 % Hemoglobin, blood Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dLFemale: 12.0-16.0 g/dL Hemoglobin, plasma 1-4 mg/dL Leukocyte count and differential Leukocyte count 4,500-11,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 54%-62% Bands 3%-5% Eosinophils 1%-3% Basophils 0%-0.75% Lymphocytes 25%-33% Monocytes 3%-7% Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 25.4-34.6 pg/cell Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31%-36% Hb/cell Mean corpuscular volume 80-100 μm3 Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 25-40 seconds Platelet count 150,000-400,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 11-15 seconds Reticulocyte count 0.5%-1.5% of red cells Thrombin time < 2 seconds deviation from control Volume Plasma Male: 25-43 mL/kgFemale: 28-45 mL/kg Red cell Male: 20-36 mL/kgFemale: 19-31 mL/kg Cerebrospinal Fluid Reference Range Cell count 0-5/mm3 Chloride 118-132 mEq/L Gamma globulin 3%-12% total proteins Glucose 40-70 mg/dL Pressure 70-180 mm H2O Proteins, total < 40 mg/dL Sweat Reference Range Chloride 0-35 mmol/L Urine Calcium 100-300 mg/24 h Chloride Varies with intake Creatinine clearance Male: 97-137 mL/minFemale: 88-128 mL/min Estriol, total (in pregnancy) 30 wks 6-18 mg/24 h 35 wks 9-28 mg/24 h 40 wks 13-42 mg/24 h 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Male: 3.0-10.0 mg/24 hFemale: 2.0-8.0 mg/24 h 17-Ketosteroids, total Male: 8-20 mg/24 hFemale: 6-15 mg/24 h Osmolality 50-1400 mOsmol/kg H2O Oxalate 8-40 μg/mL Potassium Varies with diet Proteins, total < 150 mg/24 h Sodium Varies with diet Uric acid Varies with diet Body Mass Index (BMI) Adult: 19-25 kg/m2 Calculator ( ) xy AC 7 8 9 ÷ 4 5 6 × 1 2 3 - 0 . = + You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M3.OR.15.10) A 39-year-old African-American woman presents to the emergency room with hip pain. She has a past medical history significant for sarcoidosis which was recently diagnosed 6 months ago and is currently being treated. She reports that the pain started 2 weeks ago and is localized to the left hip and groin. The pain has been getting progressively more intense. Her temperature is 98.1°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 122/78 mm Hg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 13/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for pain with manipulation without restriction of range of motion of the hip. Which of the following is the most sensitive test for this condition? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 102728 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 CT of the hip 0% (0/4) 2 MRI of the hip 75% (3/4) 3 Radiograph of the hip 0% (0/4) 4 Radionuclide scan of the hip 25% (1/4) 5 Ultrasound of the hip 0% (0/4) L 2 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M3.HE.13.11) A 7-year-old boy with sickle cell disease is brought into the clinic by his mother for knee and hip pain. The child has been admitted several times in the past for pain crises managed with fluids and hydromorphone. He started complaining of worsening hip pain over the last several days and now walks with a limp. His temperature is 97.9°F (36.6°C), blood pressure is 84/54 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. On physical exam, the hip appears normal and is cool to the touch. There is decreased range of motion at the hip and pain with ambulation. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 103302 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Arthrocentesis 44% (8/18) 2 CT 11% (2/18) 3 Ibuprofen and acetaminophen 28% (5/18) 4 MRI 6% (1/18) 5 Radiograph 11% (2/18) L 4 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5