Human Factors Design Forcing function a method to prevent undesirable results by forcing the optimal choice as default e.g., setting a default prescription length for medications that are prone to abuse this is the most effective intervention in human factor design Standardization a method to increase process reliability e.g., having a checklist Simplification a method to decrease wasteful activities electronic medical record consolidation Safety Culture A safe environment where people can express their safety concerns without fear of negative consequences Use systems-based methods when able to prevent errors PDSA cycle A method to test change in the clinical setting Plan define what is the problem and the desired solution Do test the new process Study measure and analyze the data generated Act integration mnemonic: "PDSA"