Toxicology

(M2.PH.17.4733) A 65-year-old man arrives to the emergency department (ED) complaining of pain and swelling in his right leg. The patient reports he recently underwent a total hip replacement. His past medical history is significant for hypertension and diabetes. His current medications include aspirin, lisinopril, metformin, and atorvastatin. On arrival, his temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 135/82 mmHg, pulse is 88/minute, and oxygen saturation is 99% O2. He denies chest pain or shortness of breath. On physical exam, his right leg appears moderately erythematous, swollen, and is tender to palpation. Other physical exam findings are negative.

A complete blood count (CBC) was performed with the following findings:

Hemoglobin: 13.0 g/dL
Leukocyte count: 6500/mm^3
Platelet count: 150,000/mm^3

The appropriate anti-coagulation therapy is started. Seven days later the patient arrives back to the ED complaining of crushing substernal chest pain. An electrocardiogram is performed and is shown in Figure A.

A CBC was performed with the following findings:

Hemoglobin: 13.5 g/dL
Leukocyte count: 8500/mm^3
Platelet count: 58,000/mm^3
INR: 2.5
aPTT: 34 seconds
Fibrinogen level: 200 mg/dL
Troponin T: 0.2 ng/mL

On physical exam, the right leg is again swollen and tender to palpation. However, a new lesion has also formed, as shown in Figure B. In addition to sending the patient for cardiac catherization, what is the most appropriate next step in management?

(M2.PH.17.4678) A 66-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with abdominal pain in the setting of progressively worsening constipation. He complains of epigastric pain that waxes and wanes, and expressed concern that he has not defecated for the past 5 days. Upon further questioning, he relates that he has been taking three of his wife's multivitamins each day for the past three weeks to "combat a cold." Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical exam reveals an abdomen with nonspecific tenderness to deep palpation without rebound tenderness, hyperpercussion, or flank tenderness. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

(M2.PH.17.4817) A 32-year-old female is brought to the emergency department by her boyfriend for confusion. He reports that the patient had told him that she was staying home from work because of her allergies, which had been bothering her all week. When the patient’s boyfriend arrived home, he found the patient agitated and disoriented. He reports that when he tried to talk to her, she was "out of it" and kept asking for water. The boyfriend also reports that the patient recently received a negative evaluation at work and that she has been stressed. The patient’s past medical history is otherwise significant for ADHD, depression, and seasonal allergies. Her medications include amphetamine, desipramine, intranasal ipratropium, and diphenhydramine as needed. Her temperature is 102°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 122/82 mmHg, pulse is 132/min, and respirations are 18/min with an oxygen saturation of 98% O2 on room air. Upon physical exam, the patient is agitated and grabbing at the air. She also appears flushed, her pupils are dilated, and she has scattered urticaria. The patient's EKG can be seen in Figure A. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient?

(M2.PH.17.146) A mother presents to the family physician with her 16-year-old son. She explains, "There's something wrong with him doc. His grades are getting worse, he's cutting class, he's gaining weight, and his eyes are often bloodshot." Upon interviewing the patient apart from his mother, he seems withdrawn and angry at times when probed about his social history. The patient denies abuse and sexual history. What initial test should be sent to rule out the most likely culprit of this patient's behavior?

(M3.PH.16.35) A man is brought into the emergency department by the police department. The officer state that the man has been arrested multiple times for public alcohol intoxication, but recently became homeless. On exam, the man is behaving erratically. His vitals are all within normal limits. He appears confused and has a slurred speech. On gait exam, the patient is ataxic and cannot stand without support for more than a few seconds. Labs return with the following values: Na 140, K 4, Cl 106, BUN 8, Cr 2. His ABG has pH 7.3, PaCO2 30mm, PaO2 130mm, HCO3 7. His urinalysis is shown in Figure 1. Blood salicylate levels return as normal. While you await other diagnostic tests, which of the following should be administered next to treat this patient?

(M2.PH.16.4689) A 45-year-old with a past history of being admitted for alcohol withdrawal and acute alcohol toxicity presents to the emergency department with ataxia. He is stuporous and does not respond to questions appropriately, often yelling and falling down. On exam, the patient has visual impairment and cannot read the Snellen chart correctly. Figure A shows his retina on ophthalmologic exam. His electrolytes are Na 140, K 3.0, Cl 95, HCO3 15, BUN 27, Cr 1.2. Which of the following can be administered intravenously to treat this patient in addition to intravenous fluids, thiamine, vitamin B12 and folate?

(M2.PH.15.12) A 44-year-old homeless man is brought to the emergency department after he was arrested when found intoxicated in someone's garage. The patient is acutely altered and is covered in urine, stool, and vomit. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 104/64 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The patient is aroused with pain and begins answering basic questions. He states his vision is blurry and he can't see anything. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below.

Serum:
Na+: 141 mEq/L
Cl-: 102 mEq/L
K+: 4.4 mEq/L
HCO3-: 14 mEq/L
BUN: 25 mg/dL
Glucose: 99 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.4 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL

Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment of this patient?

(M2.PH.15.11) A 34-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by paramedics after being found down on the sidewalk. The paramedics are unable to provide any further history and the patient in unresponsive. On exam, the patient's vitals are: T: 36 deg C, HR: 65 bpm, BP: 100/66, RR: 4, SaO2: 96%. The emergency physician also observes the findings demonstrated in figures A and B. This patient most likely overdosed on which of the following?

(M3.PH.15.3) A 5-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department after drinking a bottle of drain cleaner. It is unknown how much the child drank. She has a past medical history of Down syndrome and obesity. The patient's vitals are unremarkable. Physical exam is notable for a child in no acute distress. She is tolerating her oral secretions and interactive. Inspection of the oropharynx is unremarkable. Which of the following is appropriate management of this patient?

(M2.PH.15.8) A 4-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother with stomach pain and vomiting for the last 7 hours. His mother is pregnant and states that she is taking nutritional supplements prescribed by her doctor. She mentions that her son ingested some supplements after confusing them for candy. Arterial blood gas was drawn, and he is found to have a pH of 7.2. Abdominal X-ray is shown in Figure A. After starting IV fluids, what other treatments should this patient receive?

(M2.PH.15.16) A 46-year-old homeless male presented to the emergency department intoxicated, but a serum ethanol level is normal. Results from a urine study are shown in Figure A. Which of the following findings would you most likely expect in this patient?

I: elevated serum anion gap
II: elevated serum osmolar gap
III: decreased serum pH

(M2.PH.14.12) A 37-year-old farmer presents to the emergency department with acute onset of complaints of diarrhea, excessive tearing, and increased saliva production. He is concerned that he is dehydrated, as he has also been urinating with increased frequency over the past several hours. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 111/64 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, respirations are 10/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is significant for a moderately agitated and diaphoretic man who demonstrates pinpoint pupils. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

(M2.PH.14.14) A 3-year-old girl is brought to the emergency room by her mother. She has been vomiting repeatedly over the last several hours and is complaining of abdominal pain. The patient's mother reports that the emesis has contained streaks of blood. The patient has not had any prior medical issues. An abdominal radiograph is obtained and is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is likely to be found in this patient?

(M2.PH.14.15) A 22-year-old man is found unresponsive by his roommate on the floor of his apartment. He is immediately transported to the emergency department. The patient's medical history is unknown. His temperature is 100°F (37.8°C), blood pressure is 114/64 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 21/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam in the ED is significant for a very lethargic and confused male with dilated pupils and global hyperreflexia. An ECG is performed as seen in Figure A. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

(M2.PH.14.9) A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a concern of having sprayed a chemical in his eye. He states he was working on his car when his car battery sprayed a chemical on his face and eye. He states his eye is currently burning. His temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 129/94 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a teary and red left eye. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

(M2.PH.13.3) A 4-year-old girl presents to the emergency department after persistent vomiting and complaints that her abdomen hurts. Her parents came home to their daughter like this while she was at home being watched by the babysitter. The child is otherwise healthy. Family history is notable for depression, suicide, neuropathic pain, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and angina. The child is now minimally responsive and confused. Her temperature is 100°F (37.8°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 140/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 100% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a confused girl who is vomiting bloody emesis into a basin. Laboratory studies are ordered as seen below.

Serum:
Na+: 140 mEq/L
Cl-: 101 mEq/L
K+: 3.9 mEq/L
HCO3-: 11 mEq/L
BUN: 20 mg/dL
Glucose: 99 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL

Radiography is notable for a few radiopaque objects in the stomach. Urine and serum toxicology are pending. Which of the following is the most likely intoxication?