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Review Question - QID 210445

QID 210445 (Type "210445" in App Search)
In a study, 2 groups are placed on different statin medications, statin A and statin B. Baseline LDL levels are drawn for each group and are subsequently measured every 3 months for 1 year. Average baseline LDL levels for each group were identical. The group receiving statin A exhibited an 11 mg/dL greater reduction in LDL in comparison to the statin B group. Statistical analysis reports a p-value of 0.052. Which of the following best describes the meaning of this p-value?

If 100 similar experiments were conducted, 5.2 of them would show similar results

5%

1/20

There is a 5.2% chance that A is more effective than B is due to chance

40%

8/20

There is a 94.8% chance that the difference observed reflects a real difference

15%

3/20

This is a statistically significant result

25%

5/20

Though A is more effective than B, there is a 5.2% chance the difference is due to a true effect

10%

2/20

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This study has a p-value of 0.052 which suggests that there is a 5.2% chance that the difference between statin A and B is due to chance alone.

To decide whether there is a real difference in a study, we ask, "what is the likelihood that we would have gotten this result just by random chance if the 2 interventions are the same (the null hypothesis)?". The answer to this question is known as the p-value, which is defined as the likelihood of getting this result or a more extreme result if the null hypothesis is true. The smaller this number, the less likely it is that the result was due to chance alone. Therefore, a p-value of 0.050 means that there is only a 5.00% chance that a significant difference would be seen even if the intervention is the same.

Incorrect Answers:
Answer 1: If 100 similar experiments were conducted, 5.2 of them would show similar results is incorrect and would suggest that the results of this study are a rare finding.

Answer 3: There is a 94.8% chance that the difference observed reflects a real difference is not necessarily the correct way to interpret a p-value. Rather, a p-value of 0.05 means that there is a 5% chance that the difference is due to random chance alone.

Answer 4: This is a statistically significant result is generally incorrect. Statistical significance depends on the cut-off value set by the researchers and/or statisticians. By convention, statistical significance is usually reached when the calculated p-value is less than 0.05.

Answer 5: Though A is more effective than B, there is a 5.2% chance the difference is due to a true effect suggests that the results are due to random chance and there is a small (5.2%) chance that the difference is due to a real effect.

Bullet Summary:
The p-value represents the probability that the difference between 2 interventions is due to random chance alone.

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