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Review Question - QID 106964

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QID 106964 (Type "106964" in App Search)
A 74-year-old female presents to the emergency room with abdominal pain. She notes several days of constipation and most recently has not had a bowel movement in 3 days. She is unable to remember if she has passed gas. Her vital signs are BP 118/76 mmHg, HR 97 beats per minute, RR 17 breaths per minute, and T 99.4 degrees Fahrenheit, and her abdomen is noticeably distended. A barium enema radiograph is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the best next step?
  • A

Manual evacuation of rectal impaction

41%

36/87

Administer large doses of laxatives

7%

6/87

Laparotomy with sigmoid resection

17%

15/87

Proctosigmoidoscopy and placement of a rectal tube

29%

25/87

Observation

5%

4/87

  • A

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This patient's clinical presentation is consistent with sigmoid volvulus. The first-line treatment for this condition is proctosigmoidoscopy and placement of rectal tube.

Elderly patients presenting with abdominal pain and constipation should be evaluated for volvulus. On barium enema radiograph, sigmoid volvulus is associated with a "parrot's beak" sign, which is characterized by a gas shadow in the right upper quadrant that tapers towards the left lower quadrant. The mortality rate for sigmoid volvulus is up to 45%, usually resulting from delayed diagnosis.

Figure/Illustration A shows a barium enema radiograph typical of a sigmoid volvulus, with notable parrot's beak sign (yellow arrow).

Incorrect Answers:
Answer 1: This is the treatment for rectal impaction, which does not present with a parrot beak sign on X-ray.
Answer 2: Regular use of laxatives is associated with a higher risk of sigmoid volvulus, and acute laxative treatment is not thought to be beneficial in patients with a sigmoid volvulus.
Answer 3: Laparotomy with sigmoid resection should be performed either electively after decompression or in the case of unsuccessful decompression.
Answer 5: This patient's condition carries up to a 40% mortality rate, and her bowel should be decompressed immediately.

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