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Review Question - QID 102962

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QID 102962 (Type "102962" in App Search)
An 83-year-old man is admitted to the hospital with fever, weakness, and decreased responsiveness. He is diagnosed with urosepsis based on urinalysis and culture and started on ceftriaxone and intravenous fluids. By hospital day 3, he is clinically improving. During the evening, the patient becomes irritable. He is talking to someone despite nobody being present in the room. He is easily agitated and attempts to strike a nurse with a remote control to his TV. Subsequently, the patient keeps getting out of bed and trying to walk away despite being a fall risk. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

Diphenhydramine

18%

3/17

Lorazepam

35%

6/17

Olanzapine

24%

4/17

Phenobarbital

6%

1/17

Physical restraints

18%

3/17

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This patient is presenting with delirium given his evening symptoms of aggression, agitation, and hallucinations in the setting of his elderly age and infection. An appropriate method of sedation is olanzapine.

Delirium is a common problem in the inpatient setting, especially in elderly patients. Patients may present with agitation, aggression, hallucinations, paranoia, and irritability typically in the evening (termed sundowning). Besides behavioral interventions such as day-night regulation and re-orientation, medical therapies are sometimes needed. These are usually typical or atypical antipsychotics including haloperidol and olanzapine.

Incorrect Answers:
Answer 1: Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine with sedating properties. It is generally avoided in the elderly as it could worsen delirium.

Answer 2: Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine which is also generally avoided in delirium as it could exacerbate symptoms of delirium.

Answer 4: Phenobarbital is a barbiturate which is not typically used for sedation. It would be an appropriate initial treatment in alcohol withdrawal which presents with agitation, diaphoresis, and hypertension.

Answer 5: Physical restraints are typically avoided in the elderly as they could worsen delirium and cause injury to the patient. They should be used if medications fail and the patient is putting others or themselves at risk.

Bullet Summary:
Antipsychotics such as haloperidol or olanzapine can be used initially in the management of delirium.

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