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Review Question - QID 102565

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QID 102565 (Type "102565" in App Search)
A 56-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with abdominal swelling. She states that her abdomen has been swelling for the past several months but otherwise offers minimal history and is a poor historian. She thinks it worsened more rapidly last night. Her temperature is 97.0°F (36.1°C), blood pressure is 122/80 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. A bedside ultrasound is performed as seen in Figure A and a sample of the fluid is taken and sent for analysis as seen below.

Fluid sample:
Cell count: < 50 leukocytes/mm^3
Albumin: 4.8 g/dL
Culture: pending
Total protein: 18.0 g/dL
Gram stain: pending

Laboratory values are notable for a serum albumin of 4.0 g/dL. What is the most likely cause of this patient's ascites?
  • A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

18%

2/11

Cryptogenic cirrhosis

27%

3/11

Heart failure

18%

2/11

Pancreatitis

36%

4/11

Vascular occlusion

0%

0/11

  • A

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This patient has ascites on ultrasound and a serum albumin ascites gradient (SAAG) of -0.8 g/dL which puts it into the category of non-portal hypertensive ascites. Pancreatitis is the only cause of non-portal hypertensive ascites listed above.

In patients with new-onset ascites of unknown origin, peritoneal fluid should be sent for evaluation. The SAAG can help differentiate ascites of portal hypertensive causes (SAAG > 1.1 g/dL) from non–portal hypertensive (SAAG < 1.1 g/dL) causes. Portal hypertensive causes of ascites include cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, heart failure, large hepatic metastases, vascular occlusions, fatty liver disease of pregnancy, and myxedema. Non-portal hypertensive causes of ascites include peritoneal carcinomatosis, peritoneal tuberculosis, pancreatitis, serositis, nephrotic syndrome, and bowel obstruction.

Figure A is an ultrasound demonstrating free fluid in the abdomen which is concerning for ascites.

Incorrect Answers:
Answers 1-3 & 5: Alcoholic hepatitis, cryptogenic cirrhosis, heart failure, and vascular occlusion all represent a portal hypertensive cause of ascites and would have a SAAG > 1.1 g/dL.

Bullet Summary:
A high SAAG (> 1.1 g/dL) represents a portal hypertensive etiology of ascites and a low SAAG (< 1.1 g/dL) represents a non-portal hypertensive etiology of ascites.

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