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Updated: Feb 26 2018

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Injury

Images
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/120551/images/dashboard.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/120551/images/dashboard mechanism.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/120551/images/pcl tear.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/120551/images/11272017vldstep1anatomyofthekneejoint-mdedit.jpg
  • Snapshot
    • A 35-year-old man presents to the emergency department after sustaining an injury to the knee while playing football. An opposing player's helmet collided with his anterior proximal tibia. After the event, the patient experienced posterior knee pain, mild swelling, and limped off the football field. Physical examination is notable for antalgic gait and a positive posterior drawer test. Preparations are made to obtain a magnetic resonance imaging of the affected knee.
  • Introduction
    • Clinical definition
      • injury of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
    • Associated conditions
      • high-energy trauma can result in PCL injury as well as injury to the
        • posterolateral corner
        • anterior cruciate ligament
        • medial collateral ligament
  • Epidemiology
    • Risk factors
      • high-energy trauma (e.g., motor vehicle accident)
      • sport activities
  • Etiology
    • Trauma that posteriorly translates the proximal tibia
    • Pathoanatomy
      • normal anatomy
        • the largest intraarticular ligament in the knee
        • originates from the lateral portion of the medial femoral condyle and inserts at the fovea centralis (PCL facet)
      • pathology
        • posteriorly directed shear force when the knee is flexed
          • "dashboard injury" (high-energy trauma)
            • when the proximal tibia collides with the dashboard of a car in a motor vehicle accident
          • sports injuries (low-energy trauma)
            • the player falls on their knee while it is flexed and the foot is plantarflexed
            • direct trauma to the anterior knee
  • Presentation
    • Symptoms
      • may present with posterior knee pain
        • athletes may continue playing sports and not seek medical care
    • Physical exam
      • posterior drawer test
        • the proximal tibial is pushed posteriorly to assess for PCL laxity while the knee is flexed at 90 degrees
          • posterior translation is considered a positive test
      • mild-to-moderate effusion
      • slight limp or antalgic gait
      • may have impaired terminal knee flexion
  • Imaging
    • Radiography
      • indication
        • performed initially to assess for fractures
    • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      • indication
        • typically performed in all patients presenting with acute PCL injury
          • highly sensitive and accurate for acute PCL injury
  • Studies
    • Making the diagnosis
      • a presumptive diagnosis can be made based on clinical presentation
      • MRI can definitively diagnose acute or subacute PCL injury
  • Differential
    • Anterior cruciate ligament injury
      • distinguishing factor
        • patients typically hear a "pop" after injury and there is typically significant edema and joint effusion
        • patients have a positive anterior drawer test
  • Treatment
    • Conservative
      • rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) therapy
        • indication
          • standard management of patients with an isolated PCL injury
            • in addition to RICE therapy, patients should receive
              • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen for pain management
              • immobilization in extension (e.g., hinged knee brace)
    • Operative
      • reconstructive surgery
        • indication
          • typically reserved for acute and multi-ligamentous knee injuries
  • Complications
    • May result in osteoarthritis
  • Prognosis
    • Insufficient evidence to determine the true prognosis
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