Deficiency Presentation plays a role in bone and teeth formation/strength ↑ bone fractures dental caries Treatment In areas where drinking water is not routinely fluoridated, supplemental fluoride may be administered toothpastes gels/foams varnishes rinses (not before age 6) Excess fluoride intake (swallowing) before age 6 results in dental fluorosis, characterized by hypomineralization of enamel caused by ingestion of excessive fluoride during enamel formation